National Education's Day

National Education's Day

Ki Hajar Dewantara (2 May 1889 – 28 April 1959), born Raden Mas Soewardi Soerjaningrat into a noble Javanese family of Yogyakarta, was a pioneer in the field of education in Indonesia. He was the founder of Taman Siswa education system.

Ki Hadjar Dewantara studied at ELS (Europeesche Lagere School), then he continued his studies at Kweekschool (Teacher School) and Stovia (Javanese Doctor's School).

Active in the nationalist cause, he belonged to a faction favouring direct action and the use of Western methods to diminish the power of the Dutch. He was a member of the Bandung chapter of Sarekat Islām (“Islamic Association”), but later became a founder of the influential Indische Party together with Ernest Douwes Dekker and Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo. His famous ironic essay of 1913, Als ik eens Nederlander was (What if I were a Dutchman?) contributed to his exile to the Netherlands between that year and 1918.

In the Netherlands he became converted to the idea of using Indonesian cultural traditions to cope with the challenges posed by Dutch colonial rule. He felt that education was the best means to strengthen Indonesians, and he was deeply influenced by the progressive theories of the Italian educational reformer Maria Montessori and by the Indian poet and philosopher Rabindranath Tagore.

 

    Teachers at the Taman Siswa school in Jogjakarta.

His first Taman Siswa schools were established in Java in July 1922. Instruction, carried on informally, emphasized traditional skills and values of Javanese life, particularly music and dance. Western subjects were taught, too, in order to help students cope with the demands of modern life.
Teachers at the Taman Siswa school in Jogjakarta.

Overcoming initial official hostility, the Taman Siswa schools had spread throughout the archipelago and were by the late 1930s subsidized by the Dutch colonial government. Based on traditional Javanese concepts, the Taman Siswa schools appealed primarily to those segments of Indonesian society termed abangan, in which the Islamic faith is less deeply entrenched. In 1949, he was chosen for Minister of Education and Culture.

The 2nd of May is Indonesia's National Education Day, named in his honor.

 

                                     Taman Siswa

Kartini's Day

 KARTINI'S DAY

Kartini was born into an aristocratic Javanese family when Java was part of the Dutch colony of the Dutch East Indies. Kartini's father, Sosroningrat, became Regency Chief of Jepara. Kartini's father, was originally the district chief of Mayong. Her mother, Ngasirah was the daughter of Madirono and a teacher of religion in Teluwakur. She was his first wife but not the most important one. At this time, polygamy was a common practice among the nobility. She also wrote the Letters of a Javanese Princess. Colonial regulations required a Regency Chief to marry a member of the nobility. Since Ngasirah was not of sufficiently high nobility[2], her father married a second time to Woerjan (Moerjam), a direct descendant of the Raja of Madura. After this second marriage, Kartini's father was elevated to Regency Chief of Jepara, replacing his second wife's own father, Tjitrowikromo.

Kartini was the fifth child and second eldest daughter in a family of eleven, including half siblings. She was born into a family with a strong intellectual tradition. Her grandfather, Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro IV, became a Regency Chief at the age of 25 while Kartini's older brother Sosrokartono was an accomplished linguist. Kartini's family allowed her to attend school until she was 12 years old. Here, among other subjects, she learnt to speak Dutch, an unusual accomplishment for Javanese women at the time[3]. After she turned 12 she was 'secluded' at home, a common practice among Javanese nobility, to prepare young girls for their marriage. During seclusion girls were not allowed to leave their parents' house until they were married, at which point authority over them was transferred to their husbands. Kartini's father was more lenient than some during his daughter's seclusion, giving her such privileges as embroidery lessons and occasional appearances in public for special events.

During her seclusion, Kartini continued to educate herself on her own. Because she could speak Dutch, she acquired several Dutch pen friends. One of them, a girl by the name of Rosa Abendanon, became a close friend. Books, newspapers and European magazines fed Kartini's interest in European feminist thinking, and fostered the desire to improve the conditions of indigenous Indonesian women, who at that time had a very low social status.

Kartini's reading included the Semarang newspaper De Locomotief, edited by Pieter Brooshooft, as well as leestrommel, a set of magazines circulated by bookshops to subscribers. She also read cultural and scientific magazines as well as the Dutch women's magazine De Hollandsche Lelie, to which she began to send contributions which were published. Before she was 20 she hard read Max Havelaar and Love Letters by Multatuli. She also read De Stille Kracht (The Hidden Force) by Louis Couperus, the works of Frederik van Eeden, Augusta de Witt, the Romantic-Feminist author Goekoop de-Jong Van Eek and an anti-war novel by Berta von Suttner, Die Waffen Nieder! (Lay Down Your Arms!). All were in Dutch.

Kartini's concerns were not only in the area of the emancipation of women, but also other problems of her society. Kartini saw that the struggle for women to obtain their freedom, autonomy and legal equality was just part of a wider movement.
Kartini with Joyodiningrat

Kartini's parents arranged her marriage to Joyodiningrat, the Regency Chief of Rembang, who already had three wives. She was married on the 12 November 1903. This was against Kartini's wishes, but she acquiesced to appease her ailing father. Her husband understood Kartini's aims and allowed her to establish a school for women in the east porch of the Rembang Regency Office complex. Kartini's only son was born on 13 September 1904. A few days later on 17 September 1904, Kartini died at the age of 25. She was buried in Bulu Village, Rembang.

                                          Kartini Jakarta high school past the 1950's

 

Inspired by R.A. Kartini's example, the Van Deventer family established the R.A. Kartini Foundation which built schools for women, 'Kartini's Schools' in Semarang in 1912, followed by other women's schools in Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Malang, Madiun, Cirebon and other areas.
Commemoration of Kartini Day in 1953

In 1964, President Sukarno declared R.A. Kartini's birth date, 21 April, as 'Kartini Day' - an Indonesian national holiday. This decision has been criticised. It has been proposed that Kartini's Day should be celebrated in conjunction with Indonesian Mothers Day, on 22 December so that the choice of R.A. Kartini as a national heroine would not overshadow other women who, unlike R.A. Kartini, took up arms to oppose the colonisers.

In contrast, those who recognise the significance of R.A. Kartini argue that not only was she a feminist who elevated the status of women in Indonesia, she was also a nationalist figure, with new ideas who struggled on behalf of her people, including her in the national struggle for independence.

 HISTORY DAY HERO

Events of 10 November is an historical event of war between Indonesia and the Netherlands. On March 1, 1942, Japanese troops landed on the island of Java, and seven days later, exactly, March 8, the Dutch colonial government surrendered unconditionally to the Japanese. Since then, Indonesia was occupied by Japan.
Three years later, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the Allies after the dropping of atomic bombs (by the United States) in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The incident occurred in August 1945. Fill the vacancy, then Indonesia proclaimed its independence on August 17, 1945. Before stripped by the allies, the people of Indonesia and the fighters tried to disarm the Japanese army. Hence the battles that took the lives in many areas. When the movement to disarm the Japanese troops were blazing, September 15, 1945, British troops landed in Jakarta, then landed in Surabaya on October 25. British soldiers were brought to Indonesia over the decision and on behalf of the Allies, with the task to disarm the Japanese army, freeing the prisoners who were detained Japan, and repatriate the Japanese troops to his country. But, in addition, British troops also bring the mission to restore Indonesia to the Dutch government as a colony. NICA (Netherlands Indies Civil Administration) was hitchhiking. That's what the people of Indonesia blew up anger everywhere.
In Surabaya, dikibarkannya Dutch flag, the Red-White-Blue, at the Hotel Yamato, has spawned Tunjungan incident, which sparked whipping up armed clashes between British troops struggle with bodies formed by the people. Armed clashes with British troops in Surabaya, culminating in the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, (led British troops to East Java), on October 30.
After the murder of Brigadier General Mallaby, his successor (Major General Mansergh) issued an ultimatum that is an insult to the fighters and the people generally. In the ultimatum stated that all the leaders and people of Indonesia are armed to report and put the gun in the place designated and submit himself to raise their hands above. Limit of the ultimatum was at 6:00 am on 10 November 1945.
The ultimatum was rejected by Indonesia. Therefore, the Republic of Indonesia at that time had stood (although recently proclaimed), and People's Security Army (TKR) as a tool of the state have also been established.
In addition, many organizations struggle that has shaped society, including among the youth, student and student. Agencies that struggle has emerged as a common manifestation determination to defend the young republic, to disarm the Japanese troops, and to oppose the re-entry of Dutch colonialism (the ride with the presence of British troops in Indonesia).
On 10 November morning, British troops launched a major offensive and awesome once, by deploying about 30,000 troops, 50 aircraft, and a large number of warships.
Various parts of the city of Surabaya showered with bombs, fired blindly with a cannon from the sea and land. Thousands of residents were affected, many died and many more wounded. However, resistance fighters also raged throughout the city, with the active assistance of the population.
The British suspect that the resistance of the people of Indonesia in Surabaya can be conquered within three days, by deploying a complete modern weaponry, including aircraft, warships, tanks, and armored vehicles that quite a lot.
But unexpectedly, it turns out the public figures of the 'ulama' and the priest-chaplain java hut like KH. Hashim Ash'ari, KH. Wahab Hasbullah priest-chaplain and other schools, students mobilize their students and the general public (at the time people are not so obedient to the government but they are more submissive and obedient to the priest) was also there as a young pioneer bung tomo and others. resistance so that it can last a long, lasting from day to day, and the other from week to week. Resistance of the people who initially made spontaneously and not coordinated, more and more regularly. This massive battle takes up to a month, before the city fell in the hands of the British.
The bloody events in Surabaya when it also has moved across the Indonesian people's resistance to repel the invaders and defend freedom. The number of fighters who are killed and the people who are victims when it is later remembered as Heroes' Day.

 

Present Of Hotel Yamato